E-fuels outlook

Since 2014, more than 194 countries and areas have signed the Paris Agreement to reduce carbon emissions in different industries. To reduce carbon emissions in transportation sectors, the use of fossil fuel energy must be phased out. In the last decades, the transportation sector has seen the introduction of various research initiatives and pilot projects focused on low-carbon fuels, including compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), methanol, ethanol, bio-based diesel, hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), ammonia, sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), and hydrogen.

In 2022, the EU member states announced a plan to ban the sales of new internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles by 2035. As a result, many vehicle manufacturers have shifted their focus toward developi